An election held by the National Labor Relations Board to decide whether a certain union will represent employees in a bargaining unit. See BARGAINING UNIT. [Cases: Labor Relations 210. C.J.S. Labor Relations §§ 191–192, 195–197, 203, 207–209.]
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proportional representation. 1. An electoral system that allocates legislative seats to each political group in proportion to its popular voting strength. [Cases: Constitutional Law 225.3(10); Elections 12. C.J.S. Constitutional Law § 823; Elections§§ 8, 40(1).] 2. See proportional voting under VOTING. • The term refers to two related but distinguishable concepts: proportional outcome (having members
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election judges 〈英〉选举法官 指根据1983年的《人民代表法》〔Representation of the People Act〕和1981年的《最高法院法》〔Supreme Court Act〕的规定，从高等法院王座庭的普通法官〔puisne judges〕中选出的审理选举申诉事件的法官。
Mike O’Connor rule. Labor law. The doctrine that unilateral changes that an employer makes after a union victory in an initial-representation election — but before the employer’s objections have been resolved — are automatic violations of the National Labor Relations Act if the employer’s objections are rejected. • If the employer’s objections are sustained, any
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Droop quota. In some proportional-representation elections, the minimum number of votes needed to win a legislative seat. • The quota is determined by a formula based on the reciprocal of the number of representatives plus one — or 1/(n + 1), where “n” is the number of representatives being elected. The term is named for
sweepstakes. 1. A race (esp. a horse race) in which the winner’s prize is the sum of the stakes contributed by the various competitors. 2. A contest, often for promotional purposes, that awards prizes based on the random selection of entries. • State and federal laws prohibit conducting a sweepstakes as a scheme to obtain
critical stage. Criminal procedure. A point in a criminal prosecution when the accused’s rights or defenses might be affected by the absence of legal representation. • Under the Sixth Amendment, a critical stage triggers the accused’s right to appointed counsel. Examples of critical stages include preliminary hearings, jury selection, and (of course) trial. Cf. ACCUSATORY
An election in which the majority (or sometimes the plurality) elects all the representatives. Cf. UNIT RULE(2); PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION; proportional voting under VOTING.
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apportionment, n. 1. Division into proportionate shares; esp., the division of rights and liabilities between two or more persons or entities. 2. Tax law. The act of allocating or attributing moneys or expenses in a given way, as when a taxpayer allocates part of profits to a particular tax year or part of the use
Duren test. Constitutional law. A test to determine whether a jury’s composition violates the fair-cross-section requirement and a criminal defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to an impartial jury. • Under the test, a constitutional violation occurs if (1) a distinctive group is not fairly and reasonably represented in the jury pool in relation to its population